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Visible Costs and Invisible Benefits : Military Procurement as Innovation Policy
This book examines the historic role of professional and demanding military customers in industrial development.Particular emphasis is paid to public procurement of military equipment as a catalyst for innovation; and the civilian commercialization of military technologies (from gunpowder and cannons to submarines, missiles and aircraft) is documented by many case illustrations that show how macro-level productivity advance has been generated.A complementary volume to Advancing Public Procurement as Industrial Policy (2010), which focused on the spillover effects of the Swedish combat aircraft, Gripen, in this book Gunnar Eliasson widens the perspective to cover product development across the Swedish defense industry, with an emphasis on regional economic development and macro-economics, inter alia through the involvement of Saab (aircraft) and Kockums (submarines) in partnership ventures in Australia, Norway and Brazil. The volume is organized into four parts. Part one examines the historical transformation of the Swedish economy over the past three centuries from agriculture and raw materials to an advanced industrial economy.Part two presents detailed case studies to illustrate the spillover effects of procurement projects and military-industrial partnerships.Part three explains the spillover phenomenon theoretically within a dynamic micro- to macro-economic perspective.Particular emphasis is placed on the empirical credibility of model-based economy-wide and dynamic cost-benefit calculations.The book concludes with a section on fostering industrial development through public procurement.The result is a book that will appeal to economists in the industrial economics and management fields; to technical, marketing and purchasing executives in business; and to policy makers in public procurement concerned with innovation and long-run industrial development.
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Evanston Salt Costs Climbing
Winters keep getting worse in Evanston IL where salt truck drivers Peter and Basil battle the ice and snow and pass the time with jokes and stories.But what's with this creeping sense of dread? Is it because their boss Maiworm has noble visions of new green technology that would make their jobs obsolete? Or is there a more terrifying warning calling out from under these roads?At least they have each other right?Pulitzer Prize finalist Will Arbery confronts humanity's darkest fears with humor warmth and the fortitude of municipal public servants in this play about climate and change. "Arbery is one of the theater's greatest listeners able to hear and reproduce the subtle and deeply specific ways individuals reveal themselves and their relationships to others with language." - The New York Times Magazine"In a great piece of art you'll have one moment where the truth will punch through.But in a profoundly generous piece of art like Evanston - a play that is theoretical painful deep and hysterically funny - those moments of truth keep punching through and through and through." - BOMB Magazine"A pitch-dark comedy...Arbery is the playwright of the moment... writing about issues that tend to lead to indulgent hopelessness. ...But what if looking right into the heart of catastrophe could actually get us to act?" - The New Yorker
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Spon's Estimating Costs Guide to Electrical Works : Unit Rates and Project Costs
All the cost data you need to keep your estimating accurate, competitive and profitable. Do you work on jobs between £50 and £50,000? Then this book is for you. Specially written for contractors and small businesses carrying out small works, Spon's Estimating Cost Guide to Electrical Works provides accurate information on thousands of rates, each broken down to labour, material overheads and profit for residential, retail and light industrial premises.It is the first book to include typical project costs for new installations, stripping out, rewiring and upgrading for flats and houses. In addition, vital information and advice is given on setting up and running a business, employing staff, tax, VAT and CIS4s. For the cost of approximately two hours of your charge-out rate (or less), this book will help you to:produce estimates fasterkeep your estimates accurate and competitiverun your business more effectivelysave time.
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How do you calculate the investment costs for technology?
To calculate the investment costs for technology, you need to consider the initial purchase price of the technology, any installation or setup costs, ongoing maintenance and support fees, and any potential training costs for employees. Additionally, you should factor in the potential return on investment (ROI) of the technology, including any cost savings or revenue generation it may enable. It's important to thoroughly research and analyze all potential costs and benefits before making a technology investment decision.
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How does the global ocean current flow?
The global ocean current flows in a complex pattern driven by a combination of factors such as wind, temperature, salinity, and the Earth's rotation. The major ocean currents form large circular patterns called gyres in each of the ocean basins. These currents are influenced by the Coriolis effect, which causes the water to move in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. Additionally, the global ocean current is also influenced by the thermohaline circulation, which is driven by differences in water density due to variations in temperature and salinity. Overall, the global ocean current is a dynamic and interconnected system that plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate and transporting heat around the planet.
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What else can be learned besides programming and networking technology?
Besides programming and networking technology, individuals can also learn important skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, communication, and teamwork. These skills are essential in any professional setting and can help individuals succeed in their careers. Additionally, individuals can also learn about cybersecurity, data analysis, cloud computing, and other emerging technologies to stay competitive in the ever-evolving tech industry. Continuous learning and development in these areas can open up new opportunities and help individuals advance in their careers.
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What are the differences between global trade and fair trade?
Global trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries on a large scale, often driven by market forces and profit maximization. On the other hand, fair trade is a more ethical approach to trade that focuses on ensuring producers in developing countries receive fair wages and working conditions. Fair trade also emphasizes sustainable practices and environmental stewardship, whereas global trade may prioritize efficiency and cost reduction. Overall, fair trade aims to create a more equitable and just trading system, while global trade is more focused on economic growth and competitiveness.
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Fashion and Environmental Sustainability : Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Technology
The wide range of topics that the book covers are organised into sections reflecting a cradle to grave view of how entrepreneurial, innovative, and tech-savvy approaches can advance environmental sustainability in the fashion sector.These sections include: sustainable materials; innovation in design, range planning and product development; sustainable innovations in fashion supply chains; sustainable innovations in fashion retail and marketing; sustainable alternatives for end-of-life and circular economy initiatives; and more sustainable alternative fashion business models.
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FIA Managing Costs and Finances MA2 : Passcards
Foundations in Accountancy (FIA) awards are entry-level, core-skill focused qualifications from ACCA. They provide flexible options for students and employers, and as an ACCA Approved Content Provider, BPP Learning Media s suite of study tools will provide you with all the accurate and up-to-date material you need for exam success.
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Kindness Costs Nothing classic fit.
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Why are direct costs considered opportunity costs?
Direct costs are considered opportunity costs because when a company chooses to allocate resources to a particular project or investment, it is forgoing the opportunity to use those resources in an alternative way. By using resources for a specific purpose, the company is giving up the potential benefits that could have been gained from using those resources elsewhere. Therefore, direct costs represent the value of the next best alternative that the company is giving up in order to pursue a particular opportunity. In this way, direct costs are a reflection of the opportunity cost of using resources in a specific manner.
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Are labor costs fixed or variable costs?
Labor costs are typically considered variable costs because they fluctuate based on the level of production or services provided. As the amount of work increases, labor costs also increase. Conversely, if production decreases, labor costs will decrease as well. Fixed costs, on the other hand, remain constant regardless of the level of production.
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Hello everyone, I need to define the following terms: additional costs, different costs, variable costs, and fixed costs.
Additional costs refer to any extra expenses incurred beyond the initial or expected costs. Different costs are the various types of expenses that a business or individual may encounter, such as operating costs, production costs, or overhead costs. Variable costs are expenses that fluctuate with the level of production or sales, such as raw materials or labor. Fixed costs are expenses that remain constant regardless of the level of production or sales, such as rent, insurance, or salaries.
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Which costs are considered as ancillary wage costs?
Ancillary wage costs typically include expenses such as employer contributions to social security, health insurance, retirement plans, unemployment insurance, and other benefits provided to employees. These costs are in addition to an employee's base salary and are essential for calculating the total cost of employing a worker. Ancillary wage costs can vary depending on the country's labor laws and the specific benefits offered by the employer.
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